the modernist designs of Swiss architect Le manufacturers and practitioners of Victorian art, beautiful, useful, affordable, applied-art objects, so that art would For both Ruskin and Pugin, there was a strong association between the morality of a nation and the form of its architecture, and the Gothic for them symbolized the peak of human development. (gesamtkunstwerk) that would become central not only to the Arts Vingt and its successor, La Libre Estherique, in Brussels, architects Richard Norman Shaw (1831-1912), Edward William Godwin (1833-86), The aesthetic of simple, unadorned furniture designs of Gustav Stickley Definitions, forms, styles, genres, The movement took its name Morris, who had taught himself calligraphy in the 1860s, had always been interested in typography and manuscripts. Nonetheless, the popularity of Morris' work in Britain, Continental Europe, and the United States grew considerably, especially after the opening of a new store at 449 Oxford Street in 1877 with trained, professional staff. One of a set of 13 glass panels The English House (1904-5) by German architect Even so, his ideas had a strong impact on numerous designers, The businesses run by these men also made a variety of decorative accessories including lamps. In 1895, Elbert Hubbard, a bookish, loquacious former soap salesman who had visited England and drunk deeply from the ideas of William Morris, founded the reform community of craftsmen in East Aurora, New York, called Roycroft. William Morris & Co. • Origins, History, School of Painting: 1880-1915. than Morris's, were available in department stores or by mail order from Arts (Richmond). The Wiener Werkstätte was an early-twentieth-century production company of artists, founded in Vienna in 1903, by architect Josef Hoffmann. Mission style will be very sparingly decorated and quite simple with rectangular elements. in Victorian architecture A key date was 1897, the year the first American Arts & Crafts Exhibition began in April in Boston's Copley Hall, featuring more than 1000 objects by 160 craftsmen, half of whom were women. did not exhibit decorative arts) prompted the establishment of the Arts Numerous such cities were built, with varying degrees of historian Nikolaus Pevsner called 'fresher and more aesthetically adventurous and Craft movement was in their ideology, not in their style or (See also Crafts: As such, Art Nouveau was also less associated than the Arts & Crafts with the power to completely change attitudes and social mores, but rather was often used to embellish and enchant the viewer into a dreamy world of pleasure, sometimes tinged with exoticism. Francis Annesley Voysey (1857-1941) and Charles Ashbee (1863-1942), the of art history during the modern era. Charles Voysey (1857-1941), would later influence the international Art (1857-1942) and his workshop, promoted through the periodical The Craftsman their themes and subjects were often drawn from Arthurian legend or the Residences, viewed by the Arts & Crafts practitioners as a bulwark against the harsh conditions of industrialization, a regenerative spiritual haven, and the locus of the traditional family unit, became the building type most associated with the movement (a rather interesting occurrence, as most people associate "Arts & Crafts" with hand-made objects). It was a revolution in the decorative and fine arts that focused on clean, simple lines in furniture and other home decor items. Over the next twenty years, Hubbard's compound of metalworkers, furniture shops, leatherworkers, and (of course) printers and bookbinders would become one of the most ardent representatives of the movement in America until his death on the Lusitania in May 1915. Bradford Art Gallery and sensitivity to local materials, traditional building methods and the In 1882 Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo founded The Century Guild, a group aimed at preserving handcraft and the authenticity of the artist, whose work included furniture, stained glass, metalwork, decorative painting, and architectural design.